Tides are modelled separately using a recent update of the Finite Element Solution (FES2012) hydrodynamic model ( Supplementary Fig. To obtain the first near-coast global reanalysis of storm surges (1979–2014), we force the newly developed Global Tide and Surge Model (GTSM) 24 with wind speed and atmospheric pressure from the ERA-Interim global atmospheric reanalysis 25. Here we apply such a hydrodynamic approach for the first time at the global scale and present the Global Tide and Surge Reanalysis (GTSR) data set. These developments in hydrodynamic modelling combined with the increasing availability of global data sets on climate and elevation, make it possible to upscale the hydrodynamic modelling to the global scale. The application of unstructured grids (or ‘flexible mesh’) in hydrodynamic models make it possible to have a sufficient resolution in shallow coastal areas 23, while maintaining computational efficiency 24. As the modelling of surges in shallow coastal areas requires a high resolution, generally such a modelling approach has been computationally too costly to apply on the global-scale. Due to these data limitations, there is still limited understanding of the global coastal flood hazard, even under current (stationary) climate conditions.Īt the regional scale, hydrodynamic modelling is the state-of-art approach to develop consistent and complete sea level reanalyses that can be applied to flood risk assessments 18, 19. Recently, more advanced techniques based on altimetry data have been developed 20, but the limited length of altimetry records prevent their application to low-probability extreme events 21, 22. Hence, interpolation between different stations will not accurately capture the spatial variability. Extreme sea levels vary significantly along the coast due to variability in storminess, coastline shape, and bathymetry 1. Such time series can be obtained from tide gauge observations, but many regions at risk have insufficient numbers of tide gauges and/or record lengths available to reliably estimate extreme sea levels. However, some applications require time series of sea levels (instead of extreme values), such as: assessing interannual variability assessing the impact of changes in storm regimes and the modelling of past events. The extreme sea levels in the DIVA database have been instrumental in many risk assessments, and have provided important insights into which areas face the highest risk, as well as the potential effects of sea level rise and adaptation. To analyse spatial patterns and temporal trends in coastal flood risk, several continental to global scale studies have been carried out 5, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17 based on the extreme sea levels in the Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment (DIVA) input database 18, 19. ![]() To date, socioeconomic development has been the main driver of increasing risk 11, but in the future sea level rise will be an important driver of increasing risk of coastal floods 5, 12, 13, 14. In recent years, coastal flood risk has increased due to population, economic growth 8 and land subsidence 9, 10. Another more recent catastrophe was the flooding of New Orleans in 2005 due to tropical cyclone Katrina, which resulted in around 1,100 fatalities 7. This is reflected by disasters such as the flooding of The Netherlands and the United Kingdom in 1953, which resulted in over 2,000 fatalities 6, and led to the construction of a series of flood protection works along the Dutch coast and the Thames Barrier in London. It is estimated that on average 0.8–1.1 million people per year are flooded globally 5. ![]() With over 600 million people living in low-lying coastal areas 4, coastal floods can have devastating societal impacts. The most extreme of these events are caused by tropical cyclones 2, but extra-tropical storms can also produce high sea levels, especially when they coincide with high tide 3. If you like good music, you owe it to yourself to add this novel composition to your music collection.Storm surge, a rise in sea level due to low atmospheric pressure and strong winds, is the main driver of coastal flood events 1. The abovementioned hit, “NSV (Non Stop Vibe),” is an ear-catching song that mixes the clean hook of Bella Shmurda with the gorgeous verse of Tiwa Savage to produce a tidal wave of sound.Ĭonsequently, this remarkable composition was made by a renowned recording artist from Nigeria, Krizbeatz, and is the sequel to the remix of his top-chart single titled “Philo (Remix),” in which he cooperated with Nasty C, an influential South African rap artist and music superstar. ![]() Bella Shmurda of the Dangbana Republik asked Tiwa Savage, a Nigerian music queen, vocalist, celebrity, and media figure, to provide her voice to this album.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |